Whether it is a fault caused by natural loss or a fault caused by man-made damage, it can generally be attributed to three types of faults: circuit contact open circuit, electronic component damage, and software failure. If the contact is open, it is generally easier to repair if it is the broken wire, the disconnection of the plug-in unit, or the poor contact. The damage of electronic components (except for obvious burnout and heating) is generally difficult to detect by observers. In many cases, instruments can be used to detect and judge. Therefore, for maintenance personnel, it is necessary to understand various components first. The characteristics of effectiveness, which are extremely important for repairing circuit faults and improving the efficiency of inspection and repair. Here are some of the characteristics of the effectiveness of commonly used electronic components.

Integrated Circuit

Generally, it is local damage such as breakdown, open circuit, short circuit. The power amplifier chip is easily damaged, the memory is prone to software failure, and other chips sometimes have false soldering.

Triode

Breakdown, open circuit, serious leakage, deterioration of parameters.

Diode (rectifier, light-emitting, voltage stabilizing, variable capacitance).

It is easy to be broken down and open the circuit so that the forward resistance becomes larger and the reverse resistance becomes smaller.

Resistance

In general, the actual efficiency of resistors is relatively low. But the role of resistance in the circuit is very large. In some important circuits, the change of resistance value will change the static operating point of the triode, which will cause the entire unit circuit to work abnormally. The actual effect of the resistance is: desoldering, the resistance value becomes larger or smaller, and the temperature characteristic becomes worse.

Capacitance

Divided into polar electrolytic capacitors and non-polar electrolytic capacitors. The practical characteristics of electrolytic capacitors are: breakdown and short-circuit, increased leakage, reduced capacity or open circuit. The effective characteristics of non-polar capacitors are: Breakdown short circuit or desoldering, serious leakage or resistance effect.

Inductance

The effective characteristics are disconnection and desoldering. The above mentioned are the main components, and some peripheral components such as field-effect transistors, quartz crystals, etc. cannot be ignored in the maintenance, especially the quartz crystals and high-power devices that are vulnerable to vibration (power amplifiers, power supply circuits, voltage-controlled oscillators). If there is a problem, there will be failures such as not turning on the phone or not being able to access the Internet after turning on the phone, not hearing the voice of the other party, contact the supplier, etc.

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